History of Ireland

Ireland is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of the European continent. It is bordered by the United Kingdom to the south and west, and by Northern Ireland to the north and east. The island of Ireland is divided into two countries, Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Ireland was settled in prehistoric times, with evidence of habitation dating back to 7500 BC. In the late Bronze Age, Ireland was ruled by the Tuatha Dé Danann. Celtic tribes were known to have lived in Ireland from about 500 BC, until they were replaced by the Romans around AD 400. After the Romans, Ireland was occupied by various Germanic tribes such as the Saxons and the Vikings. In the Middle Ages, Ireland was ruled by the Anglo-Norman lords, who established an English-speaking monarchy in Dublin. Ireland gained independence from Britain in 1922, but was partitioned between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland.

In 1921, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was founded as a paramilitary group dedicated to the overthrow of British rule. In 1936, the IRA launched a rebellion against British rule, which was met with severe retaliation. During World War II, Ireland was neutral, although many people joined the Allied cause. The IRA carried out guerrilla warfare against the British from 1941 until 1949, when it signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended the war. The treaty granted Ireland dominion status within the Commonwealth of Nations, and independence in 1949.

Ireland has a long history of political conflict, with numerous periods of civil unrest. In 1916, the Easter Rising took place, which led to the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921). This was followed by the Irish Civil War (1922-1923), during which the anti-treaty forces, led by Michael Collins, fought the pro-treaty forces, which were led by Eamon de Valera. The civil war ended with the Treaty of London, which was signed in December 1921. The treaty recognized the Irish Free State, which was created in 1922. The treaty was not accepted by the majority of the Irish people, who continued to refer to the Free State as "Éire", or "Ireland".

The Irish Free State became a republic in 1937, and was renamed the Republic of Ireland in 1953. The country has remained neutral since the Second World War, and has maintained its status as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, Ireland has had a turbulent history, and remains a poor country. As of 2004, the unemployment rate was 12%, and the per capita income was $12,600.

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